Opus 2021-098: Just War

Christians divide over a lot of issues.  I am not talking about the issues that separate what the Apostle Paul calls “so called brothers” from the saints.  Certain things are basic requirements:  Jesus is the only way to salvation, His physical resurrection, the Bible as the inspired word of God, the triune nature of God.  The list could go on.  If you are a Christian you know the kind of thing I am talking about.  If you are a pseudo-Christian you would tell me I am intolerant.  

There are other issues which we think are important but God just shakes His head over us.

Then there are the ones we disagree on, with strong arguments on both sides.  One of those deals with war and the use of force.  Some people feel that Christians must be pacifists.  They believe that it is always wrong to take human life.  War is wrong.  Violence is wrong.  There can be no compromise.  If you saw the movie Hacksaw Ridge you got an insight into how a pacifist responded to the draft in World War II.  Other Christians believe that there are times when it is acceptable to be a soldier or policeman.  Some will defend their families, others won’t.

Over the centuries the church has come up with the Doctrine of Just War.  There are two major voices in church history, Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, who laid the groundwork for the thinking on the issue.  

Augustine made the first attempt at determining the issue of how Christians should respond to war.  The book that is usually referred to is City of God.  Due to the length and the way in which the ideas are spread around I am going to go with a summary presented by the Oregon State University.  It seems to follow the other sources I consulted.

Augustine said there are two aspects of war, Moral justification and Guidelines.

Moral Justification (Jus Ad Bellum)

    1.  Just Authority
    2.  Just Cause
    3.  Right Intention
    4.  Last Resort

Guidelines (Jus In Bello)

    1.  Proportionality, response should not exceed the cause
    2.  Discrimination, between combatants and non-combatants
    3.  Responsibility
        a)  Intention of good consequences
        b)  Bad effects not intended
        c)  Good must outweigh the bad

Thomas Aquinas read Augustine and came up with his own theory.  I found this in his Summa Theologiae II-II, q. 40.  This one I did read but got my summary from Aquinas on Line.

War is justified (nation A wars justly against nation B) on the following conditions:

    A. It is called by a sovereign authority.
    B. It has a just cause.
    C. The combatants have morally right intentions
    D. Qualifying Conditions
        Cannot intend intrinsically evil actions.
        A good action, or at least a morally neutral action, will have two effects: a good intended, and an evil, not intended, but tolerated.
        Proportionality the good to be achieved outweighs the evil of war.

So what?  I have two real concerns, foreign and domestic.  With Biden in power the Chinese are almost certain to make a grab for Taiwan because they believe he will look the other way.  It is still a question of how we should respond.  Domestically I hear a lot of people wondering if the power grab by the left will lead to a violent response.  Rational people hope not.  The problem we are facing is that the left is not rational.  Christians are wondering if there is anything happening that would justify violence.  I offer this as an insight into the thinking of the past.

homo unius libri

Opus 2013-267: Student Saints

As a teacher, I get frustrated with the refusal to learn that I see in class.  I think of the opportunities that the students are missing.  It turns out that this is nothing new.  Here is what Saint Augustine had to say about himself as a young student.

“For what they, with whatever motive, would have me learn, I might afterwards have put to good use. For I disobeyed, not from a better choice, but from love of play,...” Highlight Loc. 228-29

So cheer up.  They may never be saints but they might actually wake up and learn something some day.

The Confessions of St. Augustine (Bishop of Hippo Saint Augustine), Downloaded to the Kindle from Project Gutenberg.

homo unius libri

Opus 2012-80, The Importance of Cause and Effect

One of the frustrations of teaching is getting the students to turn on their brains and use the abilities they have.  They refuse to engage.  Let me share with you a recent example.

The first question to be answered was,

“What organization did Martin Luther challenge?”

One of the students said she could not find the answer.  I asked her to read me the question and then asked her to read me the first sentence on the page in the book.  It reads,

“In 1517 a young monk named Martin Luther challenged the Roman Catholic Church.”

She read it and gave me a blank look.  I told her to read me the question again and had her read me the sentence again.  Another blank look.  We repeated this many times.  Finally she said, “Oh,” and answered the question. 

What suddenly happened?  She had no trouble reading me the question or the answer.  She is not a special education student.  She is a pleasant young lady with a good personality and fine social skills.  What she was not willing to do was engage her brain.

As I am reading through Augustine’s Confessions I see that he testifies to a similar problem.

“Next I was put to school to get learning, in which I (poor wretch) knew not what use there was;...”  Kindle Highlight Loc. 211 from Gutenberg Project Text

Until students see a reason to turn on their ability they will continue to coast along being socially promoted, ignorant and unskilled.  Some will wake up in time and pull out.  Others will be helpless in a complex society because they were allowed to face no consequences in life.

This young lady was not unusual.  I had time to convince her that she would be reading that cycle of words until she answered it.  She finally gave up and took the path of least resistance.  I don’t always have that amount of time.  Some people think everything can be made fun.  It can't.  Some people think the teacher is supposed to find a way to trick them into wanting to learn.  Life won't do that for them.  The student needs to accept that they are responsible for their own lives.

There are answers to the problems in education but they are inconvenient.  One of the big answers is the lesson of cause and effect.  Children need to learn that their decisions and actions have consequences.

homo unius libri